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Cambridge Centre for MicroMechanics
Compressive Failure of Composites
Smart Composites
Designing with Composite Materials
Road Materials
Composite Sandwich Panels
Draping of Woven Materials
Anisotropic Elasticity
Ceramic Powder Processing by Evaporative Decomposition of Solution (EDS)
Melt Processed Bulk High Temperature Superconductors for Engineering Applications
Joining Techniques for High Temperature Superconductors
Superconducting Magnetic Bearings
Superconducting Fault Current Limiters
Mechanical Properties of Metallic Foams
Acoustic and Thermal Properties of Metal Foam
Fire Retardant Properties of Metal Foams and Heat Transfer
Optimised Acoustic Properties of Cellular Solids
Modelling Materials Processing
Strain Gradient Plasticity Theory
Thermal Shock Resistance of Solids
Buckling of Corrugated Packaging Boards
The Effects of Material Properties Heat Dissipation in High Power Electronics
Stress and Strain Evolution in Cast Refractory Blocks during Cooling
Adhesive Joints
Powder Compaction of Composites
Experimental HIP Studies
Failure Analysis
Friction and Wear of Dry and Lubricated Contact
Metal Working Tribology
Waviness in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
Adhesion of Elastic Spheres and Nano-Tribology
Viscoelastic Rolling Contact
References
Director: Prof N.A. Fleck, Engineering Department
Co-Directors: Professor M.F. Ashby,
Engineering Department
Dr T.W. Clyne, Materials Science and
Metallurgy Department
Professor J.R. Willis, Department of Applied
Mathematics and Theoretical Physics
An inter-Departmental Centre for research in Micromechanics was opened in March 1996. Micromechanics is "the application of the principles of mechanics, thermodynamics and kinetics to the modelling of material response at length scales ranging from the atomistic to the macroscopic". The Centre is housed in Engineering and hosts joint projects with the Departments of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and Materials Science and Metallurgy. The current research thrusts of the Centre are (a) mechanics of composites, (b) processing and (c) metallic foams. The Centre has financial support from a number of EPSRC programmes and also from U.S. funding. A weekly workshop stimulates inter-disciplinary discussion on defined problems in micromechanics. A major aim of the Centre is to stimulate closer interaction with U.K. industry and with the best international researchers, and to coordinate research on fundamental and important problems.
Professor N.A. Fleck
Dr M.P.F. Sutcliffe
The practical design of composite components is often governed by their poor compressive strength. The Cambridge group has identified fibre waviness and matrix shear yield as the underlying reason for low compressive strength. Processing models are being developed to predict the distribution of fibre waviness and theoretical models are used to predict the effect on strength. The effect of structural features such as holes and ply drops is being examined both theoretically and experimentally. The work is funded by EPSRC and is being done in collaboration with the Materials Science and Metallurgy Department in Cambridge, British Aerospace and Hexcel Composites. A novel method for measuring fibre waviness in composite specimens has been developed, using a simple image analysis program which identifies fibres in a photographic image of the specimen. Initiation of failure has been investigated using a model composite made of alternate layers of epoxy and steel.
Professor N.A. Fleck
Professor M.F. Ashby
A systematic materials selection procedure has been developed for the use of active materials in particular applications. A micromechanics model has been developed for phase transformation in ferroelectrics and in shape memory alloys.
Dr P.W.R. Beaumont
Ongoing research programmes focus on designing composite materials systems and structures on the basis of a thorough understanding of the association between synthesis, fabrication, characterisation and performance. This includes the identification and the understanding of problems that limit the performance and reliability of non-metallic materials, adhesives and composite systems; proposing models of the physical processes that limit the fracture stress, fatigue and lifetime of the material and structure; and applying these models to solving problems that lead to innovation in design, and their exploitation and commercialisation dominated by aerospace applications.
A predictive design methodology has been developed(E8,E72) based explicitly on analytical models of the physical processes (phenomena) by which damage accumulates in the composite. These models of damage growth are in a format suitable for the conceptual design of crack-insensitive, damage-tolerant composite material systems over a range of stress, temperature, and environment. The form of these models is suitable for applying to the design and control of the composite's microstructure for mechanical and thermal stability.
A study(E66,E67) in collaboration with Professor Hideki Sekine (University of Tohuku, Japan) is aimed at defining the conditions of operational stress and environment for which the microstructure of the composite can be optimised and the resistance of the component to stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue can be maximised. It is based on a new micromechanical theory of stress corrosion cracking of glass fibre-polymer composites.
A new study(E7) in collaboration with the US Air Force Academy (Colorado Springs, USA) is based on the reformulation of these models and their application to composite bonded repairs of metallic structures. It enables the model to be applied to (1) predictive behaviour of composite patches; and (2) existing finite element models to ensure the widest possible utility to the design and application of composite patches to cracked aircraft structures
Dr Beaumont was Executive Chairman of the Institute of Materials Annual Residential Conference on the exploitation of FEM and the physical models to solving problems in composite materials and structures, The Moller Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge, 28-30 September, 1998.
Dr D. Cebon
Professor M.F. Ashby
Professor N.A. Fleck
Theoretical and experimental research has continued on the behaviour of asphalts, particularly permanent deformation, fatigue cracking, and fracture. This work is part of a multidisciplinary project on the failure mechanisms of asphalt pavements, funded by the EPSRC. Papers were published on the deformation behaviour of thin films of bitumen, as is found in the contacts between aggregate particles in asphalts(E17).
Dr M.P.F. Sutcliffe
A three year project on the mechanics of composite sandwich panels, in collaboration with Hexcel Composites, has just been completed. This work looks at the mechanics of failure of sandwich beams in three point bending, especially looking at indentation failure.
Dr M.P.F. Sutcliffe
A project which investigates the way in which fabric composites drape over curved moulds has been completed. The software package LAMINATE MODELER, supplied by the collaborating company, Macneal Schwendler Corporation, was found to model well the behaviour of a standard pre-preg cloth. Further research in this area is planned.
Dr W.J. Stronge
Composites have anisotropic material properties that affect the stresses around discontinuities or points of stress concentration. In an anisotropic material the affect of a stress concentration is more widespread in the direction of large elastic modulus. Quantitative estimates of the rate of decay around stress concentrations have been obtained as a function of certain modulus ratios for basic patterns of stress distribution(E73).
Dr D.A. Cardwell
The evaporative decomposition of solution (EDS) technique developed for YBaCuO powders has been extended and optimised for the processing of NdBaCuO. The NdBCO powders, which require subsequent calcination, have proved particularly suitable for melt processing large single grain samples of this material.
Dr D.A. Cardwell
Large single grain samples of NdBa2Cu3O7 (NdBCO) of up to 2cm in diameter have been fabricated reproducibly under reduced oxygen conditions by a MgO seeded metal growth technique in the absence of thermal gradients. These samples exhibit a sharp superconducting transition following oxygenation.
An anisotropy in the irreversible magnetic properties of large grain NdBCO has been observed using vibrating sample magnetometry. An irreversibility field exceeding 30T at 77K is extrapolated from higher temperature data for field applied perpendicular to the c-axis (compared with ~8T for field parallel to the c-axis). This is the first evidence of an irreversibility field of this magnitude at 77K in any HTS material.
The microstructure of seeded melt processed Yba2Cu3O7 (YBCO) has been observed to depend critically on Yba2Cu2O5 distribution and on sample diameter. An optimum YBCO sample size of around 2cm has been determined.
Dr D.A. Cardwell
A technique to join melt processed YBCO samples cut from large single grains has been developed. Joined samples exhibit similar superconducting properties to those observed in the grain and are able to significantly carry transport current in fields of up to 5T at 77K. The ability to successfully join YBCO grains artificially has not been reported elsewhere and is extremely important in the development of practical materials for engineering applications.
Dr A.M. Campbell
An evacuated chamber has been constructed for the test of a non-contact bulk YBCO bearing based on an Evershed design which levitates a 40kg flywheel. Three active magnetic suspension systems and a passive induction system have been developed to characterise the bearing under varying axial and radial load application conditions.
Dr A.M. Campbell
A computer simulation of a fault current limiter has been developed to assist device design. The simulation takes account of material inhomogeneity and non-linearity and varying thermal and electrical loads. An automated test rig has been constructed to compare the results of the simulation with actual small-scale device performance.
Professor N.A. Fleck
Professor M.F. Ashby
Dr T.J. Lu
A co-ordinated activity continues on measuring and modelling the mechanical properties of metallic foams. These new engineering materials show great potential for use in energy absorption in automotive applications, as the foam cores for sandwich panels, and in heat transfer and acoustic attenuation applications. If they are to be used more widely, research is needed on their deformation and fracture properties, including fatigue and creep. A broad range of experiments are in progress, including multi-axial loading tests, high strain rate tests, fatigue and fracture studies, and sandwich panel testing. A comprehensive Design Guide for Metal foams has been compiled, and a first edition has been circulated. A new edition is planned for June 1999.
Dr T.J. Lu
Professor M.F. Ashby
Metal foams with open cells have application as heat-exchange elements. The heat-transfer characteristics of metal foams are analysed. Predictive models, adapted to the optimisation of density, pore size, etc. are developed.
Metal foams offer a combination of attractive properties. Among these is the ability to absorb sound, suggesting their use for acoustic insulation as well as mechanical strength at low weight. Experiments to characterise sound absorption in metal foams are in progress.
Dr T.J. Lu
Closed cell aluminium alloy foams exhibit exceptional resistance to fire. It is unclear why this happens, although the protection imparted by aluminium oxide layers has been suggested. This work attempts to uncover the thermal transport processes in metallic foams. The focus is on metallic foams where the transport of heat is dominated by solid conduction and thermal radiation; contributions from gaseous conduction and convection are neglected. The coupling of solid conduction with thermal radiation is dealt with by using the method of finite elements. These results are then applied to solve the transient temperature field of a cellular metal plate subjected to a sudden introduction of a high temperature source of heat such as fire. The factors, which dictate the thermal and structural fire retardance of cellular metallic foams, are identified.
The efficiency of micro-cell aluminium honeycombs in augmenting heat transfer in compact heat exchangers is studied. For convective cooling, the overall heat transfer rate is found to be elevated by about two order of magnitudes when an open channel is designed with an aluminium honeycomb core. The performance is comparable to that achieved by using open-celled aluminium foams.
Dr T.J. Lu
The optimised cell size and shape, cell size variations, porosity, sample thickness, and air cavity behind the sample for best sound absorption performance of cellular foams have been studied.
Other Topics
Dr H.R. Shercliff
Friction stir welding is being studied in collaboration with TWI, via the DTI-funded post-graduate training partnership (PTP) scheme(E63,E64). Analytical models are being used to provide simple predictions of heat flow, plasticity and microstructure evolution in a range of metals. Related modelling projects continue on hot working, conventional arc welding and heat treatment of aluminium alloys with British Aerospace, Hydro Aluminium (Norway) and Alcan International(E18,E60,E68).
A methodology for integration of process modelling with selection of material and process in design has been developed, and applied to selection of heat treatments for steels(E64) and to selection of joining methods, in collaboration with CETIM and the Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, France.
Professor N.A. Fleck
A new theory of plasticity has been developed with the inclusion of a size effect, associated with strain gradients. The theory has been used to model a range of plasticity phenomena (such as indentation) where size effects are observed.
Dr T.J. Lu
Professor N.A. Fleck
The thermal shock resistance of a brittle solid has been analysed for an orthotropic plate suddenly exposed to a convective medium of different temperature. Lower bound solutions are obtained for the maximum thermal shock that the plate can sustain without catastrophic failure according to two distinct criteria. Merit indices of material properties are deduced, and optimal materials are selected on the basis of these criteria. The effect of porosity on thermal shock resistance is also explored, and merit indices for thermal fatigue are derived.
Dr T.J. Lu
Manufacturers of packaging boards are concerned about a fundamental question: How many boxes containing, say TVs, can one pile on top of each other in the warehouse without them collapsing at the bottom? A packaging board is a typical sandwich structure with two skins separated by a wavy core made of identical material, usually paper. Experiments are being undertaken to measure the basic mechanical properties of common packaging boards under tension, compression and bending, which are used as input to perform buckling analysis on a finite element software (ABAQUS). The optimisation of the sandwich structure to achieve best performance on the basis of minimum weight is also studied. This work is supported by SCA Packaging (UK).
Dr T.J. Lu
The role of the substrate in determining heat dissipation in high power electronics is calculated, subject to convective cooling in the small Biot number regime. Analytical models, which exploit the large aspect ratio of the substrate to justify approximations, are shown to predict the behaviour with good accuracy over a wide range of configurations. The solutions distinguish heat-spreading effects that enable high chip-level power densities from insulation effects that arise at large chip densities.
Dr. T.J. Lu
A computational model is developed to study the stress and strain histories experienced by zirconia-containing cast refractory blocks upon cooling from the casting temperature. Incorporated into the model are strong temperature dependencies of material properties: elastic modulus, flow strength thermal conductivity and expansion. The parameters that control the time-dependent stress and strain responses are identified by performing calculations that span the range of expected variables. Process strategies for manufacturing crack-free blocks are suggested.
Dr M.P.F. Sutcliffe
A collaborative project with TWI has been started, looking at mechanisms of failure in adhesive joints. By focussing initially on joints between transparent adherents, the damage evolution in the joint before failure has been identified. Work is now in progress to model this and so develop `R-curves' for crack initiation and growth.
Professor N.A. Fleck
Experiments and modelling have been performed to elucidate the mechanisms by which mixed powders, one ductile and the other rigid, consolidate under pressure at both low and high temperatures. The pressure-density characteristics are measured under purely hydrostatic and more complex triaxial loadings. Micromechanical models capture the constitutive response. A study has begun on the compaction of particulate-reinforced powder composites, as part of an initiative to use SiC particle-reinforced aluminium alloy compacts in automotive applications. The multi-axial yield surface has been measured and the stage I compaction of composites has been modelled.
Dr D.R.H. Jones
Current theories of HIP (hot isostatic pressing) have been modified to include back-stress effects. When known or measured values for the physical parameters of the model materials are inserted into the model the equations predict the experimental results accurately without the use of variable "fitting" parameters. The approach appears to have promise for predicting the HIP processing conditions of metallic dispersion-strengthened alloy systems(E29).
Dr D.R.H. Jones
An experimental study of the effect of a liquid-metal environment on the fatigue and fracture behaviour of solid metals is continuing. Results to date indicate that there is a competition between the processes of crack advance and crack-tip dissolution by the liquid metal.
The modelling of creep and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) using metal-type organic compounds is continuing(E29).
A project which involves a series of detailed investigations of specific engineering failures is continuing(E44). The results should be of relevance to professionals involved with the design, manufacture and maintenance of safe and reliable engineering artifacts. The project has resulted in the launch of a new journal, Engineering Failure Analysis (editor-in-chief: D.R.H. Jones). Now in its sixth year of publication by Elsevier Science, the journal is the first to be devoted wholly to the subject of Failure Analysis.
Dr J.A. Williams
Work on the contact mechanics and lubrication of solid surfaces has continued in collaboration with a number of academic and industrial partners. A review paper on shakedown has been completed and further work on the modelling of boundary lubrication of both elastic and plastic contacts undertaken(E9,E78); some of this is of particular relevance to cam and tappet contacts in internal combustion engines. Papers have been presented on this work at the 1998 Leeds-Lyon meeting(E10), on wear modelling at a seminar supported by the British Council in Poland(E77) and on the tribological activity of cutting fluids at a conference on `Behaviour of Materials in Machining' sponsored by the Institute of Materials(E47). One of the departmental disc machines has been refurbished replacing both the Ward-Leonard set and the instrumentation used to measure torque and slip. The annual Cambridge Tribology Course was held at the end of September; 32 delegates from both industry and academia in eight countries attended.
Dr M.P.F. Sutcliffe
Two EPSRC projects are investigating metal working tribology. The first, on friction in cold metal rolling, is in collaboration with Alcan Int., Cegelec. This looks at the details of surface roughness and hydrodynamic effects. A collaboration with the Ecole des Mines de Paris includes this tribological model in a mechanical model of thin foil rolling. The second project is on surface finish of stainless steel, with British Steel and Avesta Sheffield. Surface finish features have been characterised and the changes in these defects is being simulated on a strip drawing rig.
Dr J.A. Greenwood
Work in collaboration with groups at the University of Twente (Netherlands) and INSA Lyon (France) has continued, and it now seems possible to use basic data from numerical solutions to predict the behaviour of a contact when discrete defects such as ridges or scratches pass through it.
Dr J.A. Greenwood
A new analytical model of the effect of surface forces on the adhesion between elastic spheres has been developed(E39). This is intended to form the basis of a model for visco-elastic contacts, whose behaviour is being studied experimentally by Atomic Force Microscope or Surface Force Apparatus in a number of laboratories.
Dr J.A. Greenwood
It has long been recognised that a rolling contact is equivalent to two problems in fracture mechanics: a steadily propagating breaking crack at the rear of the contact plus a healing crack at the front. A detailed visco-elastic analysis and computation some years ago (1981) was abandoned when it was found that the energy gained by healing was very close to that needed for fracture, so that the rolling friction of a viscoelastic solid must be negligible _ in contrast to common sense and experiment. A semi-analytical calculation using a simplified (Dugdale) model of the adhesive forces has now been made, again showing that for a given stress intensity factor, the energies lost and gained are similar. However, when we consider a crack opened and closed by a moving peg rather than by a moving force, so that a `displacement intensity factor' is prescribed, the two energies are very different. The implications are being studied.
E1. Akisanya, A.R., Cocks, A.C.F., Fleck, N.A. The yield behaviour of metal powders. International Journal of Mechanical Science, 39, (12), 1315-1324 (1997).
E2. Ashby, M.F. Checks and estimates for material properties: 1. ranges and simple correlations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 454, (1973), 1301-1321 (1998).
E3. Ashby, M.F. Design and selection composites. Proceedings, Composites: Design for Performance, Lake Louise, Canada (October 1997).
E4. Ashby, M.F., Evans, A.G., Hutchinson, J.W., Fleck, N.A. Metal Foams: A Design Guide (Micromechanics Centre, University of Cambridge Department of Engineering, Cambridge, 1998).
E5. Ashby, M.F., Jones, D.R.H. Engineering Materials 2 - An Introduction to Microstructures, Processing and Design. 2nd edition (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1998). ISBN 0 750 64019 7
E6. Ashworth, S.P., Ciszek, M., Glowacki, B.A., Campbell, A.M., Evetts, J.E. Comparison of transport and magnetic AC losses in HTS tapes. Applied Superconductivity 1997: 3rd European Conference, EUCAS97, Veldhoven, the Netherlands (June/July 1997); Edited by H. Rogalla, D.H.A. Blank, 2, 1465-1468. Institute of Physics Conference Series 158 (IoP Publishing, 1997).
E7. Beaumont, P.W.R, Greer, J.M. Towards a predictive design methodology for composite laminate patches based on physical modelling of failure processes. Proceedings, 2nd Joint NASA/FAA/DoD Conference on Aging Aircraft, Williamsburg, VA, USA (August/September 1998).
E8. Beaumont, P.W.R., Spearing, S.M. Towards a predictive design methodology based on physically modelling of problems in fibre composite materials and structures. Proceedings, ECCM-8, European Conference on Composite Materials, Naples, Italy (June 1998).
E9. Blencoe, K.A., Roper, G.W., Williams, J.A. The influence of lubricant rheology and surface topography in modelling friction at concentrated contacts. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineersm Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, 212, (J6), 391-400 (1998).
E10. Bressan, J.D., Genin, G.M., Williams, J.A. The influence of pressure, boundary film shear strength and elasticity on the friction between a hard asperity and a deforming softer surface. 24th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology, Lyon, France (September 1998).
E11. Budiansky, B., Fleck, N.A., Amazigo, J.C. On compressive kink-band propagation. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 46, (9), 1637-1653 (1998).
E12. Campbell, A.M. Coupling losses in filamentary superconductors with a resistive barrier. Superconductor Science and Technology, 10, (12), 932-935 (1997).
E13. Campbell, A.M., Cardwell, D.A. Bulk high temperature superconductors for magnet applications. Cryogenics, 37, (10), 567-575 (1997).
E14. Cardwell, D.A. Processing and properties of large grain (RE) BCO. Materials Science and Engineering B: Solid-State Materials for Advanced Technology, B53, (1/2), 1-10 (1998).
E15. Cardwell, D.A., Lo, W. Processing of (RE)BCO large grain fabricated by seeded melt growth and their properties. Research Review 1998: High Temperature Superconductivity; Edited by W.Y. Liang, 175-186 (University of Cambridge, IRC in Superconductivity, 1998).
E16. Cardwell, D.A., Murakami, M., Salama, K. (Editors) Processing and Applications of Large Grain (RE)BCO High Temperature Superconductors. Special issue, Materials Science and Engineering B: Solid-State Materials for Advanced Technology, B53, 250 pp. (1998).
E17. Cheung, C.Y., Cebon, D. Thin film deformation behaviour of power-law creeping materials. Journal of Engineering Mechanics (ASCE), 123, (11), 1138-1152 (1997).
E18. Chew, H.Y., Shercliff, H.R. Modelling of welding of aluminium alloy 7475. Cambridge University Engineering Department Technical Report CUED/C-MATS/TR.246 (July 1998).
E19. Chow, J.C.L., Lettow, J.S., Lo, W., Cardwell, D.A., Leung, H-T., Shi, Y.H. SmBa2Cu306.5 seed fabrication for seeded peritectic solidification of Yba2Cu3O7-d. Journal of Materials Science, 33, (1), 133-137 (1998).
E20. Chow, J.C.L., Leung, H-T, Lo, W., Cardwell, D.A. Analysis of the spatial distribution of Y2BaCuO5 inclusions in large grain Yba2Cu3O7-d. Journal of Materials Science, 33, (4), 1083-1089 (1998).
E21. Chow, J.C.L., Leung, H-T., Lo, W., Cardwell, D.A. Effects of Pt doping on the size distribution and uniformity of Y2BaCuO5 particles in large grain YBCO. Superconductor Science and Technology, 11, (4), 369-374 (1998).
E22. Chow, J.C.L., Lo, W., Leung, H-T., Dewhurst, C.D., Cardwell D.A. Processing Y2BaCuO5 distribution and critical current density of large grain Pt-doped YBCO. Materials Science and Engineering B: Solid-State Materials for Advanced Technology, B53, (1/2), 79-85 (1998).
E23. Ciszek, M., Campbell, A.M., Glowacki, B.A., Liang, W.Y. Low magnetic field study of ac losses on monocore Bi-2223 and TI-1223 silver sheathed tapes. Cryogenics , 37, (10), 637-641 (1997).
E24. Ciszek, M., Glowacki, B.A., Ashworth, S.P., Chesneau, E., Campbell, A.M., Evetts, J.E. AC magnetic losses in mutifilamentary Ag/Bi-2223 tape carrying dc transport current . Applied Superconductivity 1997: 3rd European Conference, EUCAS97, Veldhoven, the Netherlands (June/July 1997); Edited by H. Rogalla, D.H.A. Blank, 2, 1425-1428. Institute of Physics Conference Series 158 (IoP Publishing, 1997).
E25. Ciszek, M., Glowacki, B.A., Campbell, A. M., Ashworth, S.P., Liang, W.Y., Gladyshevskii, R.E. Transport and magnetic AC losses in Ag/TI-1223 tape and the effects of mechanical damage. Journal of Superconductivity, 11, (1), 145-146 (1998).
E26. Ciszek, M., Glowacki, B.A., Campbell, A.M., Ashworth, S.P., Liang, W.Y., Halder, P., Selvamanickam, V. Influence of external magnetic field and its orientation on transport AC losses in Bi-2223 and TI-1233 silver sheathed tapes. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 7, (2) Pt. 1, 314-317 (1997).
E27. Coombs, T.A, Campbell, A.M., Ganney, I., Lo, W., Twardowshi, T., Dawson, B. Superconducting bearings in flywheels. Materials Science and Engineering B: Solid-State Materials for Advanced Technology, B53, (1-2), 225-228 (1998).
E28. Coombs, T.A., Campbell, A.M., Ganney, I., Lo, W., Twardowski, T., Dawson, B. Superconducting bearings in high-speed rotating machinery. Applied Superconductivity 1997: 3rd European Conference, EUCAS97, Veldhoven, the Netherlands (June/July 1997); Edited by H. Rogalla, D.H.A. Blank, 2, 1531-1534. Institute of Physics Conference Series 158 (IoP Publishing, 1997).
E29. Davies, G.C., Jones, D.R.H. Creep of metal-type organic compounds - V: competing mechanisms in hot isostatic pressing. Scripta Materialia, 37, (11), 1745-1751 (1997).
E30. Dewhurst, C.D., Lo, W., Shi, Y.H., Cardwell, D.A. Homogeneity of superconducting properties in SmBa2Cu3O7d seeded melt processed YBCO. Materials Science and Engineering B: Solid-State Materials for Advanced Technology, B53, (1/2), 169-173 (1998).
E31. Doyle, R.A., Bradley, A.D., Lo, W., Cardwell, D.A., Campbell, A.M., Vanderbemden, Ph, Cloots, R. High field behaviour of artifically-engineered boundaries in melt processed Yba2Cu3O7-d. Applied Physics Letters, 73, (1), 117-119 (1998).
E32. Doyle, R.A., Campbell, A.M. Dissipation in the mixed state: Local or non local? Reply. Physical Review Letters, 79, (26), 5300 (1997).
E33. Evans, A.G., Hutchinson, J.W., Ashby, M.F. Cellular metals. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 3, (3), 288-303 (1998).
E34. Evans, A.G., Hutchinson, J.W., Ashby, M.F. Multi-functionality of cellular metal systems. Progress in Materials Science, 43, (3), 171-221 (1998).
E35. Evans, A.G., Hutchinson, J.W., Hutchinson R.G., Sugimura, Y., Lu, T.J. A technical cost framework for high temperature manufacturing of small components and devices. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 81, (4), 815-836 (1998).
E36. Fleck, N. A., Hutchinson, J.W. A discussion of strain gradient plasticity theories, and application to shear bands. Material Instabilities in Solids, IUTAM Symposium, Delft, the Netherlands; Edited by R. De Borst, E. Van De Giessen, 507-520 (June 1997).
E37. Fleck, N.A., Shu, J.Y. Strain gradient crystal plasticity. Proceedings, 19th Risø International Symposium on Materials Science: Modelling of Structure and Mechanics of Materials from Microstructure to Product, Roskide, Denmark; Edited by J.V. Carstensen and others, 91-96 (September 1998).
E38. Glowacki, B.A., Sandeman, K.G., Chesneau, E.C.L., Ciszek, M., Ashworth, S.P., Campbell, A.M., Evetts, J.E. The influence of the silver sheathed Bi-2223 conductor architecture on the transport AC losses. Applied Superconductivity 1997: 3rd European Conference, EUCAS97, Veldhoven, the Netherlands (June/July 1997); Edited by H. Rogalla, D.H.A. Blank, 2, 1437-1440. Institute of Physics Conference Series 158 (IoP Publishing, 1997).
E39. Greenwood, J.A. Adhesion at single point contacts. Proceedings, 24th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology, Lyon, France (September 1998).
E40. Greenwood, J.A., Kauzlarich, J.J. Elastohydrodynamic film thickness for shear-thinning lubricants. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, 212, (J3), 179191 (1998).
E41. Hwang, S.C., Huber, J.E., McMeeking, R.M., Fleck, N.A. The simulation of switching in polycrystalline ferroelectric ceramics. Journal of Applied Physics, 84, (3), 1530-1540 (August 1998).
E42. Jiang, X-H., Campbell, A.M. Numerical calculation of fields in melt processed YBCO magnets. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 7, (2) Pt 2, 1213-1215 (1997).
E43. Johnson, J.D., Doyle, R.A., Lo, W., Bradley, A.D., Vanderbemden, Ph., Fasham, S., Cardwell, D.A., Campbell, A.M. Supercurrent transport across grain boundaries in melt processed bulk YBCO. Research Review 1998: High Temperature Superconductivity; Edited by W.Y. Liang, 187-192 (University of Cambridge, IRC in Superconductivity, 1998).
E44. Jones, D.R.H. (Editor) Failure Analysis Case Studies. (Elsevier, Oxford, 1998).
E45. Kursomovic, A., Evetts, J.E., Watson, D.R., Glowacki, B.A., Ashworth, S.P., Campbell, A.M. Power dissipation at high current CRT Bi-2212 SC-Ag contacts. Applied Superconductivity 1997: 3rd European Conference, EUCAS97, Veldhoven, the Netherlands (June/July 1997); Edited by H. Rogalla, D.H.A. Blank, 2, 1623-1626. Institute of Physics Conference Series 158 (IoP Publishing, 1997).
E46. Kvitkovic, J., Chesneau, E.C.L., Majoros, M., Glowacki, B.A., Ashworth, S., Ciszek, M., Campbell, A.M., Evetts, J.E. Hall probe measurements of the magnetic field above current carrying Bi-2223/Ag tapes. Applied Superconductivity 1997: 3rd European Conference, EUCAS97, Veldhoven, the Netherlands (June/July 1997); Edited by H. Rogalla, D.H.A. Blank, 2, 1315-1318. Institute of Physics Conference Series 158 (IoP Publishing, 1997).
E47. Liew, W.Y.H., Hutchings, I.M., Williams, J.A. Friction and lubrications effects in the machining of aluminium alloys. Tribology Letters, 5, 117-122 (1998).
E48. Lo, W., Cardwell, D.A. Investigation of the controlled growth of large undoped and Pt-containing YBCO pseudo-crystals. Materials Science and Engineering B: Solid-State Materials for Advanced Technology, B53, (1/2), 45-53 (1998).
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Last modified: October 1999