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Schofield Centrifuge Centre
Earhquake Modelling
ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNICS
Transport Processes
Contaminant Transport
Contaminant Land Remeiation
Environmental Sensors
Stabilisation/Solidification of Contaminated Ground
Re-use of Waste Materials
SOIL MECHANICS
Soil Characterisation and Element Testing
Residual Soils
Clastic Mechanics
Behaviour of Particulate Assemblies
Frozen Soils
GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS
Numerical Analysis of Porous and Granular Media
Numerical Analysis of Soil-Foundation Interaction
Geotechnical Infrastructure
BIOMECHANICS of CELLULAR and GRANULAR Media
Bone Grafts
Brain Damage
FIELD STUDIES
Earthquake Investigations
CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES
Compensation Grouting
Analysis of Case Studies of Tunnelling from the Jubilee Line Extension Project
The Effect of tunnelling and Deep Excavations on Piled Foundations
Lubrication and Soil Conditioning for Pipejacking and Tunnelling
Design of Flexible Linings for Rehabilitation of Sewer Pipes
Pile-driving
Dr M.D. Bolton
Dr S.P.G. Madabhushi
Professor R.J. Mair
The Schofield Centrifuge Centre provided facilities for physical modelling and testing to 4 final year project students, 10 research students, and 1 post-doctoral research worker, on projects associated with seven academic staff members. An introduction to modelling principles was provided to a class of 6 graduate students. Three industry projects were completed via CUTS Ltd, two on pipeline stability assessments for Stolt Comex Seaway and Texaco, and one on the modelling of collapse mechanisms of a segmental sewer tunnel for Geotechnical Consulting Group.
The Centre continued to provide teaching for First Year research students and MEng students who used the mini-drum centrifuge facility to study problems of foundations on soft clay. Industry sponsored work has continued in relation to a wide range of projects. This work included segmental tunnel stability, uplift resistance of submarine pipelines, liquefaction induced lateral flow and behaviour of pile foundations subjected to lateral loading due to liquefaction induced soil flows.
Work on the new building to house the Centre for Geotechnical and Construction Process Modelling adjacent to the Schofield Centrifuge Centre is currently in progress. This project is being supported under the Joint Infrastructure Funding (JIF) program by the EPSRC. The new building will enable the Geotechnical Research Group to undertake a new generation of high quality physical model tests, including centrifuge tests.
Dr S.P.G. Madabhushi
Research in soil dynamics and earthquake engineering continues with the ongoing development of new earthquake actuators. The Stored Angular Momentum (SAM) earthquake actuator with the self-contained swinging platform continues to provide seismic motion in centrifuge models. Research is underway to further develop a deep Equivalent Shear Beam (ESB) model container to model deeper soil strata with prototype depths of up to 80 m while simulating the semi-infinite extent of a soil layer in the field. The stress state of the soil in the ESB container prior to and after earthquake loading is applied can be investigated using Cone Penetrometer tests. To this effect a set of new in-flight cone penetrometers were developed for dynamic centrifuge experiments. These were used to give the pre and post earthquake strength profiles of the soil. Use of Wavelet analysis techniques has been identified as the key feature in future analysis of the data obtained in dynamic centrifuge tests. In particular these techniques are being applied to look at the degradation of soil stiffness during and after earthquake induced liquefaction.
The SAM actuator was also used to study various boundary value problems. The seismic behaviour of waste containment facilities was investigated using the SAM actuator(G19,G20) in collaboration with University of Santa Clara, USA. It is anticipated that this work will clarify the role played by the components of the landfill layers such as the geomembrane, clay layers and the geotextiles when the foundation soil suffers liquefaction induced settlements. Work on liquefaction induced lateral spreading supported by Shimizu Corporation, Japan continues. In addition to this the behaviour of pile foundations located in laterally spreading ground is currently being investigated.
Dr K. Soga
Dense Non Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) are common groundwater contaminants. Most chlorinated solvents like tetrachloroethylene (PER), trichloroethylene (TCE), some pesticides, coal tar and creosote are classified as DNAPLs. Migration of DNAPLs in inclined soil layers system was investigated using centrifuge tests, 1g tank experiments and numerical analysis. A conceptual model was developed based on a theoretical investigation and on a series of centrifuge tests(G8). Numerical analysis using T2VOC was performed to confirm the proposed conceptual model. The advantages and limitations of two types of experiments (centrifuge tests versus 1g tank test) were identified(G9).
The behaviour of Light NAPLs (LNAPLs) contaminants in unsaturated soils was investigated by centrifuge tests, intermediate tank tests and numerical analysis. The effect of heterogeneity on LNAPL migration and entrapment was examined with financial support from EC and Kajima Construction. Centrifuge tests were performed at 20g with different heterogeneity conditions and different viscosity LNAPLs. Some experimental data are presented in(G12,G14). Intermediate scale tank tests were conducted to measure the dynamic capillary pressure-saturation relationships of water-NAPL-air systems(G15). A novel multi-spectral image analysis system was developed to measure the NAPL and water saturations during the tests. Numerical analysis was also performed to simulate the observed behaviour. Some theoretical analyses of centrifuge scaling laws of flow through unsaturated soils have been developed(G22,G23).
Work has started on investigating the effect of soil heterogeneity on the efficiency of NAPL remediation methods. A new intermediate scale tank was built to examine the removal of pooled Toluene on top of the water table using a soil vapour extraction method with an air sparging enhancement technique.
Dr R.J. Lynch
Dr M.D. Bolton
The effects of organic contaminants on clay permeability have been investigated as part of the NECER project, (Network for European Centrifuges for Environmental Geotechnical Research). This is a European-Union funded collaborative programme with 10 other research organisations. Water-soluble alcohols caused permeability changes which were mainly as expected from viscosities and densities, but in one case evidence of crack generation was observed, and this is being investigated further at City University.
Siobhan Catney was awarded the James Prescott Joule medal by the ICE for her undergraduate project on the control of groundwater pollution plumes by air sparging. This project used injected air to form a zone of low permeability to deflect plumes away from sensitive areas. The work has been extended further by investigating other methods of unsaturating soil, for example by injecting pressurised water containing dissolved nitrogen.
Dr R.J. Lynch
Electrokinetic remediation, the mobilisation of contaminants by passing an electrical current through the soil, continues to be investigated. It was found that the efficiency of remediation of a copper-contaminated silt was improved significantly by using a cation selective membrane in the area around the cathodes. A paper has been accepted for presentation at EREM 2001 in Karlsruhe in April. This project is supported by AEA Technology.
A new project, which is a collaboration with the Chemistry department, on the in-situ clean-up of groundwater using photocatalysis has started recently. This project, funded by EPSRC under the waste and pollution management programme, is supported by BP Amoco, the Environment Agency, and a fibre-optics company, Ceramoptec.
Dr R.J. Lynch
Dr M.D. Bolton
A paper which summarised the NECER-funded collaborative research with Lisbon National Civil Engineering Laboratory, on the designs of photometric fibre-optic probes for tracking groundwater pollutant plumes in geotechnical centrifuge has been published(G17). A fibre-optical examination of differences in permeability across the diameter of a soil column, is to be published shortly.
A Workshop of the NECER sensors, imaging and kinetics working group was hosted in Cambridge.
Dr A. Al-Tabbaa
This work initiated from a research and development project funded by the Department of the Environment and by industry. The work involved the development and application of an in-situ treatment methodology for a contaminated site in West Drayton, Middlesex which is contaminated with a variety of heavy metals and organic compounds. The treatment involved immobilisation (stabilisation/solidification) of the contaminants with cement-based grouts injected using a specially designed auger. Details of the treatability study results and site trial were published in the ICE journal of Geotechnical Engineering in 1998. Following the completion of the project the two industrial partners used this method successfully for the first time in the UK in 1997 to treat a contaminated site. Additional work included testing cored site samples over a 28-month period after treatment, for various physical and chemical properties and their development with time, and the results were published in the same journal(G5).
A major research programme has recently started, funded by EPSRC, which enabled the return to the site to core a large number of samples from the treated area which had been left to cure in situ for 4.5 years. Hence this work is investigating the long-term behaviour of the treated ground and the effectiveness of the treatment methodology.
Work is also being carried out on accelerated ageing of freshly treated site samples to enable the prediction of real-time long-term behaviour. Parallel work in the form of a fourth year project examined the effect of elevated temperatures on ageing of contaminated and uncontaminated soil-cement samples. Additional work continues on the application of stabilisation/solidification to different soil and contaminant conditions(G6) and the effectiveness of a number of new commercial specially developed materials.
Dr A. Al-Tabbaa
Work is continuing on a number of traditional and novel applications of soil mixing. Work has been carried out on the effectiveness of soil mixing in heterogeneous soil and contaminant conditions using the simple form of stratification: vertical, horizontal and inclined. Initial work investigated solute transport in stratified sands to establish the resulting contaminant heterogeneity(G2). This was then followed by the application of soil mixing to the stratified sands and heterogeneous contaminant conditions and investigation of the optimum conditions for effective mixing(G3). Work has also been carried out on dry soil mixing usually applicable to the improvement of soft soils(G1).
Numerical analyses are being carried out on the settlement behaviour of embankments constructed on soft ground which has been improved with the installation of soil-cement columns using soil mixing. A parametric study is initially being performed to investigate the effects of a number of variables such as the strength of the soil-cement columns, their spacing, diameter and extent beneath the embankment.
Dr A. Al-Tabbaa
Work on the re-use of various waste materials in soil-waste mixtures is continuing. Work on the reuse of granulated tyre in soil-tyre mixtures has recently concentrated on the mixing of waste tyre with sand and/or cement to consider applications in reactive barrier systems. Mixtures of sand and tyre have been considered as permeable reactive barrier materials(G4) and mixtures of tyre and cement are currently being considered as low permeability reactive barrier materials. The effectiveness of other waste materials such as waste peat, straw and wood shavings has also been investigated as reactive barrier materials, with very encouraging results.
Dr K. Soga
Work on time effects of soils continues, supported by EPSRC. The effect of ageing on stiffness degradation characteristics of London clay was investigated using an advanced triaxial testing system. Comparison between laboratory data and self boring pressuremeter measurements in the field was made(G18). Anisotropic properties of London clay (elastic stiffness and stiffness degradation characteristics) were also measured. Strain rate and creep effects on sand was measured both in triaxial compression and extension conditions with local strain measurement devices. Rate effects on sand under more complex stress conditions have been investigated using the new hollow cylinder torsional shear system. A link between soil fabric and creep has been hypothesized and the research concentrated on characterising soil shapes and fabric by the resin impregnation method and image analysis. Constitutive models, which use a kinematic hardening law to control the change in fabric anisotropy, have been proposed to simulate the observed time-dependent and soil structure degradation behaviour of soils. A micromechanics model was also developed to relate microscopic properties (contact stiffness and fabric anisotropy) to macroscopic properties (cross anisotropic elastic properties). Work on pore fluid viscosity effects on dynamic properties of sands has been published(G11).
Dr J.R. Standing
When rocks weather in place, residual soils are often formed. These soils cover significant areas of the globe from S.E. Asia, Africa, S. America and Australia and have various forms. The behaviour of such soils is complex for several reasons. They usually retain a relic fabric from the parent rock, they often contain significant amounts of clay minerals such as montmorillonite and halloysite and because they are formed comparatively near to the ground surface; they are often partly saturated. A fourth-year project investigated the compressibility characteristics of a weathered gneiss from Brazil a testing apparatus and system were developed for this. The material was tested in its natural state, but most of the tests were performed on compacted soil. Another similar study is underway investigating the characteristics of a residual soil from Kenya.
Dr M.D. Bolton
The significance of fundamental granular mechanisms in the behaviour of soils has been recognised by the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, in their acceptance of Dr Bolton's proposal to chair a new technical committee, TC 35 Micro-Geomechanics. Work has started on the continuous observation of sands subject to virgin compression and progressive grain crushing in a mini-oedometer. The Distinct Element Modelling of particulate agglomerates has led to the simulation of many aspects of "plastic" soil behaviour purely through the crushing of grains.
Dr J.R. Standing
The behaviour of granular assemblies (e.g. sands and gravels) is often assumed, for modelling purposes, to follow that of a continuum. In practice it is well recognised that phenomena such as arching and restrained dilation can have a significant effect on the behaviour of granular soils. Some of these effects have been investigated using the technique of photo-elasticity. A fourth-year project investigating the influence of rigid/soft inclusions in a granular assembly using an artificial soil (perspex particles within a paraffin pore fluid) in a plane-strain apparatus. Newly designed apparatus has been developed, which has a capability to apply greater pressures to a larger assembly. Pyrex as well as perspex particles are to be tested so that greater contact stresses are generated and hence enhanced stress distributions can be observed. In the first instance the effect of arching on the stress transfer to rigid bodies is being modelled to simulate granular soils around soil reinforcement such as piles and anchors.
Dr J.R. Standing
Professor R.J. Mair
The properties of frozen soil are essential for the design of underground works using ground freezing which is sometimes employed in the underground excavation of weak or unstable soils. A programme of tests was performed on natural soil samples from a site in the UK where a collapsed tunnel was to be reinstated using ground-freezing techniques. The soils tested ranged from peat, clays and sands to gravel. The unconfined compression characteristics of these soils, frozen to a temperature to reflect that expected in the works, were obtained varying the loading rate. A project is now being run to investigate systematically the influence of factors such as temperature, rate of loading, method of freezing and grain size. A loading frame has been developed that can operate in sub-zero conditions. The soil samples are being prepared and tested in a laboratory in the Scott Polar Research Centre that can be controlled from zero to -50° C.
Dr K. Soga
Dr M.D. Bolton
Numerical modelling of pipeline-soil interaction continues with support from Tokyo Gas, as part of an International Collaborative Soil/Pipe Interaction Project. The Norsand model, originally proposed by Jefferies, has been extended to incorporate the intermediate stress effect and the model was implemented into a finite element package ABAQUS. The code was used to simulate the tank experiments of various loading cases (lateral, uplift, downward, axial drag and surface loading) conducted by other members of the project. It was found that accurate modelling of dilative behaviour of soils was necessary to predict the load-displacement curves of lateral and uplift cases.
The effect of fabric anisotropy on shear deformation of soils was investigated using the Distinct Element Program PFC3D. Rate effects on self-boring expansion tests were investigated using a finite deformation finite element code. The work on coupled finite deformation consolidation and contaminant transport still continues(G7,G10) for application to the design of a suitable capping system for contaminated waste slurry.
Dr A. Al-Tabbaa
Dr M.D. Bolton
Numerical analyses, in parallel with experimental work, are being carried out on the problem of the design of piled foundations in consolidating and swelling clays in order to minimise the use of reinforcement, and hence costs. The analyses incorporate the use of a realistic soil model which predicts the behaviour of clay in overconsolidated stress states by modelling it as an elasto-plastic material rather than a purely elastic material, which is common practice. Three-dimensional analyses have been initiated and are being compared with axisymmetric analyses. Experimental work is being carried out in the centrifuge using an instrumented pile. The change in the weight of the soil at different gravities is being used to cause downdrag and uplift of the soil. Tests have modelled end-bearing piles, and future test will model floating piles and pile groups.
Dr M D Bolton
A new hermetically sealed centrifuge test package has been designed which is capable of controlling water vapour pressures on the free surface of a soil model, and of simulating rainfall. It will be used to investigate the influence of wetting and drying cycles on clay embankments.
Dr S.P.G. Madabhushi
Collaboration with Princess Margaret Rose Orthopaedic hospital in Edinburgh continues. The CAM-Shear apparatus is currently being used to test both the natural (sterilised) bone graft as well as artificial materials currently being developed in the Pharmaceutical Industry. In addition to the mechanical strength of the aggregate, research is now focused on determining the average pore size in compacted bone graft. This aspect is important as the revision surgeries rely on blood vessels to grow in the compacted bone through the pore space. Results from the experimental study are being compared to those from animal model studies. Research is currently being planned to study the stability of bone graft in both revision Total Hip A
Arthoplasties and Acetabulum repairs.
Dr M.D. Bolton
Collaboration with the Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre continues. Finite element analysis of the brain leads to insights regarding the sources and evolution of brain damage due to a variety of causes such as hydrocephalus, stroke, tumour growth, oedema, and a blow to the head.
Dr K. Soga
Professor R.J. Mair
The development of a novel in-situ permeability measurement technique using self-boring pressuremeter continues in collaboration with Cambridge Insitu. Field tests have been conducted on Gault Clay at Little Eversden, Singapore marine clay at Changi Airport construction site, Bothkennar clay in Scotland and a slurry wall site. The test results were compared to the laboratory measured data to assess the capability of the new instrument. Finite element analysis was performed and improved shape factor equations have been proposed for different cavity geometries.
Dr S.P.G. Madabhushi
Important lessons can be learnt by investigating the failures that occur in the field. The Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) under the auspices of the Institution of Structural Engineers, London sends a team of British Engineers to earthquake affected regions of the world. The Cambridge Geotechnical Group has taken part in two such missions, one in Turkey and the other in Taiwan. Stability of soil-structure systems under these earthquakes, liquefaction problems and performance of reinforced slope sites were investigated as part of these field missions.
Dr K. Soga
Dr M.D. Bolton
Professor R.J. Mair
The EC funded COSMUS project, in collaboration with Soletanche-Bachy, Tractabel, Glotzl, CEA-LETI and EPFL, was completed successfully this year. The aim of the project was to integrate in a feedback loop of various systems including soil investigation by means of drilling parameters, a 3D finite element model, structural movement monitoring system and grouting automation systems. The use of an instrumented borehole drilling technique as a ground investigation tool has been examined at Kennington Park, London. Drilling parameters were used to identify soil formation and correlate strength properties(G14). The feedback system developed in this project was used successfully at a tunnelling site for the Metro of Puerto Rico(G7).
Work on fundamental understanding of compensation grouting in soils continues(G7,G16). Extensive laboratory grout injection tests were conducted to investigate the effect of grout properties (viscosity, bleeding), soil conditions (OCR and Ko) and injection rates on soil fracture pattern and compensation efficiency. Since compensation grouting is often done with many injections close together, the effects of injection port spacing, simultaneous or sequential injections and regrouting were also investigated. Finite element analysis was also performed to examine the effect of excess pore pressure generation on long-term compensation efficiency.
Professor R.J. Mair
Dr J.R. Standing
Dr. K. Soga
A number of buildings were monitored during the construction of the Jubilee Line Extension in London as part of an Imperial College research project, in collaboration with London Underground, CIRIA and Geotechnical Consulting Group. The project set out to study the ground and building response to tunnelling and excavation. Subjects investigated in particular were the shape and magnitude of settlement troughs, interaction between foundations and the ground, protective measures, onset of damage and long-term consolidation movements. The buildings selected for study represented a variety of structural forms (e.g. steel frame, reinforced concrete, masonry) and foundation types. Depending on their location and the ground conditions, these were affected by different tunnelling methods. Protective measures such as compensation grouting were also used on some of the buildings and the effectiveness of the technique was studied.
Work has started on a collaborative research project with Imperial College funded by the EPSRC. The monitoring results from a number of the study buildings and two greenfield reference sites are being analysed in detail. At Cambridge, the emphasis is the response of the ground in the complex Lambeth Group Beds, particularly in relation to the control of the earth-pressure-balance tunnelling machine used. The mechanics of the ground and building response to tunnelling involving sprayed concrete linings is also being studied.
Dr J.R. Standing
Professor R.J. Mair
Tunnelling under piled foundations is becoming increasingly important because of congestion of underground space. A detailed study is underway using scale models tested in the 8m diameter beam centrifuge. The response of single piles in dry sand has been investigated and pile groups are soon to be tested. Instrumented piles capable of measuring axial force at several positions along their length have been designed to assess the change in load distribution along their length. The research is funded by Nishimatsu Construction. The effects of diaphragm wall construction on piled foundations is also being studied.
Professor R J Mair
Dr M D Bolton
Dr R J Lynch
Laboratory investigations of lubrication and soil conditioning for pipejacking and tunnelling have been undertaken. The work is being funded by the UK Pipejacking Association, and recently a new EPSRC award has been gained to extend the work.
Lubricant fluids for pipejacking in clay soils are often used to inhibit swelling of the ground, but the mechanics are poorly understood. The influence of various inhibiting agents on the swelling behaviour of kaolin clay have been studied, and the work will be extended to naturally occurring clays. Microscope studies are also in progress. Apparatus has been designed to investigate the mechanics of the operation of screw conveyors in earth pressure balance tunnelling machines, and the mechanics of conditioning of clays with additives will be studied.
Professor R J Mair
Centrifuge model testing is being undertaken to investigate the mechanics of soil loading on deteriorating pipes and on flexible inner pipe linings under different groundwater and surface loading conditions. This work is funded by Insituform Technologies Ltd, Severn Trent Water and EPSRC. The research will provide new insight into the effects of varying water tables, progressive host pipe deterioration, voids in the soil backfill, and high intensity traffic loading.
Dr M.D. Bolton
Work on Press-in pile driving continues in association with Giken Seisakusho Ltd of Japan. Silent pile-driving is increasingly demanded in urban areas around the world, but the use of a hydraulic press to force piles into the ground puts the surrounding soils into different states than is the case with piling hammers. A more rational way of linking pile performance to ground character and the driving system is urgently required if improved technology is to be deployed as quickly as desired. A new calibration chamber has been constructed which permits the inspection of pile-soil interaction mechanisms through digital photography of the cross-section. Close-range photogrammetry and particle-image velocimetry (PIV) have been used to improve most significantly the resolution and accuracy of optical displacement measurements. A new instrumented double-skin tubular test pile was fabricated. Field tests were carried out in which the various components of driving resistance could be isolated, and the effects of driving shoes in reducing resistance were investigated.
G1. Al-Tabbaa, A., Al-Tabbaa, A.M.B., Ayotamuno, J.M. Laboratory scale dry soil mixing. Proceedings, International Conference on Dry Mix Methods for Deep Soil Stabilizaton, Stockholm, Sweden (October 1999); Edited by H. Bredenberg, et al, 73-80 (Balkema, 1999). ISBN 90 5809 108 2.
G2. Al-Tabbaa, A., Ayotamuno, J.M. Martin, R.J. One-dimensional solute transport in stratified sands at short travel distances. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 73, (1), 1-15 (2000).
G3. Al-Tabbaa, A., Ayotamuno, J.M., Martin, R.J. Soil mixing of stratified contaminated sands. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 72, (1), 53-75 (2000).
G4. Al-Tabbaa, A., Cogswell, C.A., Al-Tabbaa. A.M.B. Geoenvironmental applications of permeable sand-shredded tyre mixtures. Proceedings, International Symposium on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics, La Baule, France; Edited by J. Garnier, L. Thoral, E. Haza, 117-124 (May 2000). ISBN 2-7208-6050-6.
G5. Al-Tabbaa, A., Evans, C.W. Pilot in situ auger mixing treatment of a contaminated site. Part 3: time related performance. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Engineering, 143, (2), 103-114 (April 2000).
G6. Al-Tabbaa, A., Fraix, E.P.B., Grant, R.C.H. Design charts for contaminated soil-cement grout. 4th International Conference on Ground Improvement Geosystems, Helsinki, Finland (June 2000); Edited by H. Rathmeyer, 73-80 (Building Information Ltd, 2000). ISBN 9516826016.
G7. Buchet, G., Soga, K., Gui, M.W., Bolton, M.D., Hamelin, J.P. COSMUS: new methods for compensation grouting. Association Francaise des Travaux en Souterrain (AFTES) International Conference Underground Works - Ambitions and Realities, Paris, France, 131-137 (October 1999).
G8. Coumoulos, H., Soga, K Behaviour of dense non-aqueous phase liquids leaking from a landfill. Environmental Impact, Aftercare and Remediation of Landfills, Proceedings, 7th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, (Sardinia 99), Cagliari, Italy; Edited by T.H. Christensen, R. Cossu, R. Stegmann, IV, 171-178 (October 1999).
G9. Coumoulos, H., Soga, K., Illangasekare, T. 1g and centrifuge tests on DNAPL migration in saturated porous media with inclined layers - modelling techniques. Proceedings, International Symposium on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics, La Baule, France; Edited by J. Garnier, L. Thorel, E. Haza, 301-309 (May 2000). ISBN 2-7208-6050-6.
G10. El-Hamalawi, A., Bolton, M.D. An a posteriori error estimator for plane-stain geotechnical analyses. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 33, (3), 335-354 (November 1999).
G11. Ellis, E.A., Soga, K., Bransby, M.F., Sato, M. Resonant column testing of sands with different viscosity pore fluids. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering (ASCE), 126, (1), 10-17 (January 2000).
G12. Esposito, G., AllerSma, H.G.B., Soga, K., Kechavarzi, C., Coumoulos, H. Centrifuge simulation of LNAPL infiltration in partially saturated porous granular medium. Proceedings, International Symposium on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics, La Baule, France; Edited by J. Garnier, L. Thorel, E. Haza, 277-284 (May 2000). ISBN 2-7208-6050-6.
G13. Frangoulides, A.C., Al-Tabbaa. A. Behaviour of continuous helical displacement piles. Ground Engineering, 32, (11), 40 (November 1999).
G14. Gui, M.W., Soga, K., Bolton, M.D., Hamelin, J.P., Hass, G., Burgess, N., Butler, A.P. Instrumented borehole drilling using ENPASOL system. Field Measurements in Geomechanics, Proceedings, 5th International Symposium, Singapore (December 1999); Edited by C.F. Leung, S.A. Tan, K.K. Phoon, 577-581 (Balkema, 1999). ISBN 90 5809 066 3.
G15. Kechavarzi, C., Soga, K., Illangasekare, T. Laboratory investigation of LNAPL migration in a homogenous unsaturated sand. Proceedings, International Symposium on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics, La Baule, France; Edited by J. Garnier, L. Thorel, E. Haza, 285-293 (May 2000). ISBN 2-7208-6050-6.
G16. Lee, S.W., Bolton, M.D., Mair, R.J., Soga, K., Dasari, G.R., Sugiyama, T., Ano, Y., Hagiwara, T., Nomoto, M. The twin tunnels construction at Docklands Light Railway Lewisham Extension, London. ICAST 2000: Frontiers Technologies for the 21st Century, 2nd International Conference on Advances in Strategic Technologies, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia (August 2000).
G17. Lynch, R.J., Treadaway, A.C.J., Bailey, G., Bolton, M.D., Chandler, S.G., Collison, C.H., Sentenac, P., Garrett, J.A., Santos, C.A., Silva, M.A.G. Fibre-optic photometric probes for tracking groundwater pollutant tracers in geotechnical centrifuge studies. Proceedings, International Symposium on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics, La Baule, France; Edited by J. Garnier, L. Thorel, E. Haza, 35- (May 2000). ISBN 2720860506.
G18. Macklin, S.R., Yimsiri, S., Soga, K. Assessment of the strength and stiffness of the London clay formation at Crown Wharf, London. Field Measurements in Geomechanics, Proceedings, 5th International Symposium, Singapore (December 1999); Edited by C.F. Leung, S.A. Tan, K.K. Phoon, 565-570 (Balkema, 1999). ISBN 90 5809 066 3.
G19 Madabhushi, S.P.G., Singh, S.K. Integrity of landfill liners following earthquake loading. Proceedings, International Symposium on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics, La Baule, France; Edited by J. Garnier, L. Thorel, E. Haza, 181-188 (May 2000). ISBN 2720860506.
G20. Madabhushi, S.P.G., Singh, S.K. Seismic behaviour of waste containment structures. New Fontiers and Challenges: Proceedings, Civil and Environmental Engineering Conference, Bangkok, Thailand (November 1999).
G21. Omine, K., Ochiai, H., Bolton, M.D. Homogenisation method for numerical analysis of improved ground with cement treated soil columns. Proceedings, International Conference on Dry Mix Methods for Deep Soil Stabilization, Stockholm, Sweden (October 1999); Edited by H. Bredenberg, et al, 161-168 (Balkema, 1999). ISBN 9058091082.
G22. Rezzoug, A., König, D., Triantafyllidis, Th., Coumoulos, H., Soga, K. Numerical analysis of scaling laws for capillary rise in soils. Proceedings, International Symposium on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics, La Baule, France; Edited by J. Garnier, L. Thorel, E. Haza, 225-233 (May 2000). ISBN 2-7208-6050-6.
G23. Soga, K., Coumoulos, H., König, D., Rezzoug, A. Some remarks on water movement in homogenous unsaturated soils in relation to centrifuge testing. Proceedings, International Symposium on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics, La Baule, France; Edited by J. Garnier, L. Thorel, E. Haza, 243-250 (May 2000). ISBN 2-7208-6050-6.
G24. Soga, K., Kechavarzi, C., Coumoulos, H., Shu, S., Kawabata, J., Esposito, G., Allersma, H.G.B. Centifuge modelling of water drainage and LNAPL infiltration in unsaturated soil deposits. Proceedings, International Symposium on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics, La Baule, France; Edited by J. Garnier, L. Thorel, E. Haza, 293-300 (May 2000). ISBN 2-7208-6050-6.
G25. Standing, J.R., Addenbrooke, T.I., Burland, J.B. The assessment of ground and building response to tunnelling, risk of damage and structural monitoring. Proceedings, International Congress on Urban Heritage and Building Maintenance: Problems and Possibilities, Delft , the Netherlands; Edited by L.G.W. Verhof, 31-62 (October 1999).
Last modified: September 2001